EMPHYSEMA

A naturally-occurring substance in the lungs called alpha-1 antitrypsin may protect against the damage caused by Emphysema. People with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency are at an increased risk for this disease.

What is Emphysema?

Emphysema is a lung disease which involves damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. The air sacs are unable to completely deflate (hyperinflation) and are therefore unable to fill with fresh air to ensure adequate oxygen supply to the body.

Cigarette smoking is the most common cause of emphysema. Tobacco smoke and other pollutants are thought to cause the release of chemicals from within the lungs that damage the walls of the air sacs. This damage becomes worse over time, affecting the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs.

What are the Symptoms of Emphysema?

  • shortness of breath
  • chronic cough with or without sputum production
  • wheezing

Additional symptoms that may be associated with this disease:

  • anxiety
  • unintentional weight loss
  • ankle, feet, and leg swelling
  • fatigue

How is Emphysema Diagnosed?

A physical examination may show decreased breath sounds, wheezing, and/or prolonged exhalation (exhalation takes more than twice as long as inspiration). There may be an increased front-to-back diameter of the chest (barrel shaped chest). There may be signs of chronically insufficient oxygen levels in the blood.

These tests help confirm the diagnosis:

  • pulmonary function tests
  • chest X-ray

This disease may also alter the results of the following tests:

  • arterial blood gases showing reduced oxygen
  • pulmonary ventilation/perfusion scan
  • chest CT scan

How is Emphysema Treated?

Smoking cessation is the most important and effective treatment. Only quitting smoking can stop the progression of lung damage once it has started. Medications used to improve breathing include bronchodilators (hand-held inhaler or nebulizer), diuretics, and corticosteroids. Antibiotics may be prescribed when respiratory infections occur. Influenza (flu) vaccines and Pneumovax are recommended for people with emphysema.

Low-flow oxygen can be used during exertion, continuously, or at night. Pulmonary rehabilitation can improve exercise tolerance and quality of life in the short-term. Lung transplantation is an option for patients with severe disease.

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